![]() ![]() Deirdre Barrett (1992) in which the following four criteria were examined: (1) the dreamer is aware that he/she is dreaming, (2) objects disappear after waking, (3) physical laws need not apply in the dream, (4) the dreamer has a clear memory of the waking world.įor now, we preserve the definition according to Tholey (1977) and LaBerge et al. Gackenbach and LaBerge (1988) expanded the original definition by requiring the dream to be ongoing, because sometimes the dreamer wakes up upon realising his/her state, and that would be defined as a pre-lucid dream (PLD) instead. Tholey and Utecht (1987) defined additional criteria explaining LD, such as awareness of freedom of decision, memory of the waking state, and full intellectual abilities. The phenomenon of LD is generally understood as the fact that a dreamer is aware that he/she is dreaming while dreaming ( LaBerge, 1980 Spoormaker and van den Bout, 2006). The term “lucid dream” was coined by the Dutch psychiatrist Frederik Willems van Eeden ( Holzinger et al., 2006) who reported that in lucid dreams, “the reintegration of the psychic functions is so complete that the sleeper reaches a state of perfect awareness and is able to direct his attention, and to attempt different acts of free volition” ( Van Eeden, 1913). ![]() Unfortunately, the scientific field is still lacking a comprehensive definition of LD. Lucid dreaming (LD) is a fascinating research topic and has attracted many enthusiasts.
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